From each partition of data, one test case is needed. The goal of ep is to reduce the set of possible test cases into a smaller, manageable set that still adequately tests the software. Equivalence partitioning also called equivalence class partitioning is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from. Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning qualitance. A black box testing technique than can only be used during system testing c. Boundary value analysis, if you carefully read it, you will get some idea about how boundary value analysis work. Comparative study between equivalence class partitioning. The below example best describes the equivalence class partitioning. This raises an important question about which data should be used in our test, how can i apply testing techniques like boundary value analysis equivalence. Equivalence partitioning is a technique of software testing in which input data is divided into partitions of valid and invalid values, and it is mandatory that all partitions must exhibit the same behavior. Equivalence partitioning is also known as equivalence class partitioning. Equivalence partition methodology considers input value. What is boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning. Test cases are designed for equivalence data class.
Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning explained with a simple example. Equivalence partitioning multiple choice questions. If the system were to handle one case in the class erroneously, it would handle all cases erroneously. How to design test cases for testing equivalence partitioning. With the emergence of agile, test driven development, continuous integration, and many other methodologies, software testing is becoming even more critical. Equivalence partitioning ep is a method for testing software programs. Testing the code with just one representative value from each. Equivalence portioning technique in black box testing. The specifications state that the item name is to be alphabetic characters 2 to 15 characters in length. This is because we are assuming that all the conditions in one partition will be treated in the same way by the software. The key point in equivalence class testing is the choice of the equivalence relation that determines the classes.
In this article we will discuss some basic test design techniques used to create better test cases, particularly boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning and how. A class is a set of input conditions that are is likely to be handled the same way by the system. The idea behind ep is to split all of the possible inputs into something known as equivalence classes. In this technique, the data fed into the software to be tested is divided into partitions of equal sizes. Boundary value analysis in boundary value analysis, you test boundaries between equivalence partitions. Equivalence partitioning as a basis for dynamic conditional. Is it possible to do a boundary value analysis and.
Once you have these classes, pick any data in each class this yields a system of representativesand use this system of representatives to test your code. Equivalence partitioning question how to write software. Equivalence partitioning or equivalence class partitioning ecp is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. In this example, a syntax based algorithm have to execute the failing. Instead we use it to write test cases on various modules of gmail other applications. In this method, the input domain data is divided into different equivalence data classes. Considering the same example we used in equivalence partitioning tutorial an application that accepts a numeric number as input with value between 10 to 100.
Here we also need to create a partition as we created in equivalence class partitioning but unlike selecting any value from each partition, here in boundary value analysis we select a value which is one less than partition and one more than partition and equal to partition. Equivalence partitions are also known as equivalence classes, the two terms mean exactly the same thing. Equivalence partitioning ep is the process of methodically reducing the huge set of possible test cases into a much smaller but still equally effective set. Equivalence class testing, which is also known as equivalence class partitioning ecp and equivalence partitioning, is an important software testing technique used by the team of testers for grouping and partitioning of the test input data, which is then used for the purpose of testing the software product into a number of different classes.
What is an equivalence partition also known as an equivalence class. Any data value within a class is equivalent in terms of testing, to any other value. It is quite a flexible type of testing and can be applicable at any level of testing. Equivalence class testing ec testing is when you have a number of test items e. Equivalence class partitioning example problem in software. In our earlier example instead of checking, one value for each partition you will check the values at the partitions like 0, 1, 10, 11 and so on. Because we assume that, all the conditions in one partition behave in the same manner by the software. Equivalence partitioning test case design technique. This thesis was commissioned by next games oy, a finnish mobile gaming company located in. Dividing the test input data into a range of values and selecting one input value from each range is called equivalence partitioning. The test case should have all valid inputs for this partition. Equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis. Equivalence partitioning equivalence class partitioning ecp. A and equivalence partitioning are test case design techniques.
Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning both are test case design strategies in blackbox testing. A technique in black box testing is equivalence partitioning. Designing test cases using equivalence partitioning to use equivalence partitioning, you will need to perform two steps 1. Boundary value analysis equivalence partitioning testing. The idea of equivalence class partitioning is to divide the all possible inputs to the system into equivalence classes, i. Equivalence partitioning is a technique used in software testing which aims to reduce the number of test cases and choose the right test cases.
The first step in equivalence partitioning is to divide partition the input values into sets of valid and invalid partitions. Jun 30, 20 in real testing scenario both options are correct, its just that you would be spending more time in execution if you consider option 1. Both the testing techniques are black box testing techniques and without knowing the code structure we can use these testing techniques. This is achieved by identifying the classes or groups of inputs in such a way that each input value under this class will give the same result. Istqb exam questions on equivalence partitioning and.
In this technique, we divide the system under test into number of equivalence classes and just test few values from each of class. Boundary value analysis is a refinement of the equivalence class partitioning method which again is one of the most generally applicable methods for blackbox test design. This method is typically used to reduce the total number of test cases to a finite set of testable test cases, still covering maximum requirements. Equivalence class partitioning simplified software testing. A black box testing technique appropriate to all levels of testing d. In equivalencepartitioning technique we need to test only one condition from each partition. In todays it world, the lines between developers and qa engineers are being blurred. Equivalence class testing introduction with solved example. Boundary value analysis is the next part of equivalence partitioning for designing test cases where test cases are selected at the edges of the equivalence classes. Apr 29, 2020 boundary value analysis in boundary value analysis, you test boundaries between equivalence partitions. There is a special tutorial where equivalenceclass partitioning and boundary value. Equivalence class partitioning ep is a very widely used method to decrease. Identify the equivalence classes for the following specification. Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are linked to each other and can be used together at all levels of testing.
Proper black box testing case design equivalence partitioning. According to equivalence class theory, any value of an equivalence class can be used. It cannot be applied on an application directly like gmail. Equivalence partitioning significantly reduces the number of test cases required to test a system reasonably. Whenever the test engineer need to develop test cases for a feature which has more number of validation then one will go for equableness class partition. It can be used at any level of software for testing and is preferably a good technique to use first. Partitioning patches into testequivalence classes for.
Equivalence partitioning ep is a specificationbased or blackbox technique. It can be applied at any level of testing and is often a good technique to use first. Developed test plans, test cases, test scripts and creating scenarios for testing, based on the requirements and needs of the business users. A shopping website offers different discounts depending upon purchase made by the customer. Equivalence class partitioning ecp is a software testing method that oriented to create several. We will differentiate below, between four different types of equivalence class testing ect. Equivalence partitioning also called as equivalence class partitioning.
Examples are particular test cases for each requirement. Istqb equivalence partitioning with examples get software. The program accepts five to nine inputs which are 3 digit integers greater than 100. In this method, equivalence classes for input values are identified such that each member of the class causes the same kind of processing and output to occur. In equivalence partitioning, inputs to the software or system are divided into groups that are expected to exhibit similar behavior, so they are likely to be proposed in the same way. In this method the input domain data is divided into different equivalence data classes. Equivalence partitioning example grocery store example consider a software module that is intended to accept the name of a grocery item and a list of the different sizes the item comes in, specified in ounces.
The concept behind ep is to divide the input data in different equivalent data classes and each class can be considered same by the system. Below is an example depicting a clear understanding. Hence selecting one input from each group to design the test cases. Apr 16, 2020 boundary value analysis testing technique is used to identify errors at boundaries rather than finding those that exist in the center of the input domain. Test case design with the help of equivalence partitioning technique has two steps. Equivalence class partitioning is a blackbox testing technique or specification based testing technique in which we group the input data into logical groups or equivalence classes. The word equivalence means the condition of being equal or equivalent in value, worth, function, etc.
You should consider these values too, as for the complete and effective testing boundary values should also be tested. Boundary value analysis is a technique to test boundary value between valid and invalid partitions in test case design. In principle, test cases are designed to cover each partition at least once. In order to use paritioning, you consider all decisions made by the code you analyse and use these to find equivalence classes.
Jul 30, 2018 equivalence partitioning is also known as equivalence class partitioning. Equivalence class or equivalence partition is the act of dividing the given input set by a relation into groups or classes which is treated the same by the module or which should produce the same result. It can be useful in any testing phase, like it is useful in unit, integration, system etc. Each class is called as equivalence partition because all the elements in an equivalence class test the.
Jun 19, 2015 equivalence partitioning ep is a specification based or black box testing method. It divides the input domain of a program into classes. If the equivalence classes are chosen wisely, the potential redundancy among test cases is greatly reduced. A use of this method reduces the time necessary for testing software using less and effective test cases. All the data items lying in an equivalence class are assumed to be processed in the same way by the application when passed as input.
Equivalence partitioning is a black box technique to identify test cases systematically and is often the first technique to be applied when designing test cases. To generate equivalence class test casesfor the next date function next date is a function consisting of three variables like. Equivalence partitioning is a test case design technique to divide the input data of software into different equivalence data classes. The values at the extremes startend values or lowerupperend values of such class are known as boundary values. Sep 22, 2016 equivalence class partitioning ep is a very widely used method to decrease the number of possible test cases that are required to test a system. Equivalence partitioning is a method for deriving test cases. A black box testing technique used only by developers b.
Equivalence partitioning a black box testing technique. Equivalence partitioning is a blackbox testing technique that applies to all levels of testing. As discussed in the previous chapter, this dissertation explores how we. I would recommend to go through this link for a good example of equivalence partitioning testing. Utilized boundary value analysis and equivalent partitioning test design techniques to design test cases for requirements. Check consistency and completeness of both classes and test cases. Jul 26, 20 partitioning is done such that the program behaves in a similar way to every input value belonging to an equivalence classes. Boundary value analysis equivalence partitioning working on projects that handle large amounts of data can be tricky due to the different data that can be passed consumed by a program. Give examples of boundary value and equivalence partitioning. Equivalence class testing introduction with solved example software engineering classes hindi and english. The different test cases must test the classes of the software continuously. This is a black box test design technique used to calculate the effectiveness of test cases and which can be applied to all levels of testing from unit, integration, system testing and so forth. Aug 12, 2017 30 videos play all manual testing software testing material real time software testing interview questions duration.
Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis techniques are widely used in manual testing these days. I am new to software testing and i am studying the basic techniques. Let us have a look at a few examples which will give us an idea on how the equivalence partitioning works. Equivalence partitions are also known as equivalence classes the two terms mean exactly the same thing. Software test analyst cv example paypoint plc pin green. In the previous example, login to the site can be tested, regardless of whether the home page is present or not. Continuing the same example our partition will look like below valid partitions are values that should be accepted by the component or system under test.
The synonyms for the word are equal, same, identical etc. Valid equivalence values will be there in valid equivalence class. It is a software testing technique that divides the input test data of the application under test into each partition at least once of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. Equivalence partitioning is also a type of black box test design technique that involves dividing the input data into multiple ranges of values and then selecting one input value from each to calculate the effectiveness of the given test. What is equivalence partitioning in software testing. An advantage of this approach is it reduces the time required for performing testing of a software due to less number of test cases.
One of the fields on a form contains a text box which accepts alpha numeric values. Equivalence class testing technique examples software. Equivalence partition organizer is a tool to edit a set of equivalence classes and test cases based on them. Equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis as. Jan 20, 2016 proper black box testing case design equivalence partitioning. Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are closely related and can be used together at all levels of testing. Equivalence partitioning is a blackbox testing technique basic test design technique that splits the input domain into classes of data. In this thesis, a lab package will be delivered for undergraduate students. Equivalence class partitioning in software testing examples. In cases when there is a large number of values valid for testing, these techniques are used to pick values so that maximum coverage is provided and all the scenarios are covered. Lets see what has to say about boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning first. One of the problems with equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis is that they are typically explained with simple examples like the one above, while in the real world these methods need to be applied in relation to every equivalence class of the reachable system states of the application that we are testing. Boundary value analysis and equivalence class partitioning.
Equivalence partitioning in software testing test design. The equivalence partitions are frequently derived from the requirements specification for input data that influence the processing of the test object. Most of us who dont know this still use it informally without even realizing it. Do we need both equivalence partitioning and boundary. Equivalence partitioning definition from from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. We can summarize equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis as black box or specification based testing techniques. Pdf comparing method equivalence class partitioning and. The idea behind the technique is to divide or partition a set of test conditions into groups or sets that can be considered the same or equivalent, hence equivalence partitioning. This technique tries to define test cases that uncover classes of errors, thereby reducing the. Assume that the application accepts an integer in the range 100 to 999 valid equivalence class partition. As the name suggests equivalence partitioning is to divide or to partition a set of test conditions into sets or groups that can be considered same by the software system. Equivalence partitioning is designed to minimize the number of test cases by dividing tests in such a way that the system is expected to act the same way for all tests of each equivalence partition. The set of input values that gives one single output is called partition or class. Therefore you group the test item into class where all items in each class are suppose to behave exactly the same.
Which describe first divide the class of inputs and then prepare the test cases. An advantage of this approach is it reduces the time. Tables can be copied to the clipboard to use in word, excel or powerpoint. Example uses for the test framework would be testing new features, security testing. For example, a difference of 30 meters between a computed result and the. The input domain can be anything which may influence the outcome of the test e. Tutorial7 to generate equivalence class test casesfor. Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning.